Abigail williams Essay

In 1692, in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, a few little youngsters encountered an invoked sickness, setting off the start of widespread panic in the town. The unexplained sicknesses were believed to be the devil’s doing; utilizing witches to recolor the town. The insanity spread inside the carefully strict town and took into consideration vengeance and old jealousies to be revived. Ladies and men succumbed to the little youngsters and were sentenced to hang. The impossible occasions that occurred got known as the Salem Witch Trials. The preliminaries carried Arthur Miller to compose The Crucible, portraying the disastrous occasions. All through The Crucible, a little youngster named Abigail Williams utilizes her cleverness and misdirection to get what she needs. Her desire and absence of good and morals enables her to sentence blameless creatures to death, with no inquiries. Abigail Williams is viewed as â€Å"seventeen and strikingly beautiful† (138). In any case, she is narrow minded, and an amazing liar. At the point when examined regarding what had occurred in the backwoods, she spares herself by saying she and the young ladies were just moving. Abigail lies with the expectation of keeping herself in the clear. Abigail is later questioned about the prior night. She says it was Tituba’s thought and Tituba promptly admitted. Abigail is desirous and perceives how Tituba is adulated after she admits; as Gods light on the planet, searching for abhorrent. Abigail blames a few ladies for working with the Devil so she also can be lauded (158). Everybody looked past her trickiness and thought what Abigail was stating valid. Abigail’s desire of Tituba incited her to blame guiltless ladies for black magic. Abigail is additionally dull and unfeeling. She says to Betty and Mercy that in the event that they express an expression of what occurred in the forested areas, â€Å"I will come to you operating at a profit of some horrendous evenings and I will bring a pointy figuring that will shiver you† (144). Abigail demonstrates she would effectively keep herself in the clear, regardless of whether it implied killing her cousin. Abigail changes to an unnerving young lady, who has the capacity of blaming blameless townspeople. This force fills Salem with dread to revolt against her. Her intricate systems and commitment make her undefeatable. She turns out to be increasingly savage and strong in her allegations. She blames Elizabeth Proctor for being a witch, who was a decent lady and very much regarded inside the Salem people group (172). Abigail wounds herself so as to place Elizabeth in the fault, uncovering her devotion to theâ accusations. Her constancy and scheming plans give the townspeople no other decision yet to accept what she is stating. Abigail is an unfeeling scalawag, who obtains the ability to blame a few additional ladies in the town of Salem. What was once fourteen denounced grows into thirty nine, practically overnight. Dread is available in all the townspeople, who are apprehensive Abigail would look for vengeance on them. At the point when Proctor states Mary must tell the court Abigail is lying, Mary cautions Proctor she will blame Proctor for obscenity (174). Delegate is amazed Abigail enlightened anybody concerning the issue. Abigail develops into an inhumane young lady who might successfully get what she needs, including charge the man she guarantees she cherishes of prurience. Abigail’s change into a scalawag rouses Proctor to go to the court and demonstrate Abigail isn't exemplary. Abigail keeps on being a merciless young lady, set on wrecking lives of ladies and men in Salem. Her mankind appears to vanish totally, as she charges an ever increasing number of ladies. She hugy affects the young ladies, who are too panicked to even think about confessing they were just professing to be witched. Abigail targets and controls feeble Mary Warren, a young lady who used to be her companion. â€Å"†¦A wind, a virus wind, has come (her eyes fall on Mary Warren)† (188). Abigail lost all the feelings she had for Mary Warren and Proctor, blaming them both for black magic. She develops in to a childish young lady, who pines for the consideration and force she gets from Salem. Her capacity appears to be a lot for Mary Warren to hold up under, as she comes back to Abigail’s side. She gets lecherous for force and control, denying any allegations made against her. By first charging the town alcoholic and vagrant, her believability skyrockets. She had the certainty to blame Elizabeth, a lady who is profoundly regarded. So as to satisfy her dream with John Proctor, Abigail misfortunes her still, small voice and censures any individual who meddles with her arrangement. Her proceeded with savagery and certainty conjures terrorizing in the entirety of Salem. She exploits Salem’s numbness to fulfill her wants. The preliminaries end in nineteen blameless individuals being hanged. The town’s mentality towards the execution changed into compassion toward the individuals who had succumbed to the young ladies. Widespread panic can transform apparently honest young ladies into coldblooded executioners who cause torment on others. Works Cited Mill operator, Arthur. The Crucible. McDougal Litell Literature: American Literature. Evanston, IL: McDougal Litell.132-208. Print

China Foreign Direct Investment in Cambodia - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk about the China Foreign Direct Investment in Cambodia. Answer: Presentation This report centers around the Business natural examination of Cambodia for the business extension. This is the worldwide business report on the organization Novotel that is entering in the global market of Cambodia. Novotel is an upscale lodging brand under the AccorHotels gathering. In current time, Novotel has around 400 inns and resorts working in 60 nations. Novotel has begun its first lodging in France and now it is working in everywhere throughout the world. Presently, lodging will grow its business in Cambodia. Be that as it may, before entering in the new nation, it is significant for the organization to comprehend the business condition of the nation which can altogether influence the business activities (Frynas Mellahi, 2011). This report breaks down the natural variables including the formal and casual organizations of the nation. Business Environmental Analysis Formal Institutions Governmental issues Political framework at first assumes a pivotal job and bigly affects the business. There are different variables of Cambodias political components that sway on the lodging professional government guidelines, provincial incorporation and the degree of tax collection. Cambodia is one of the creating nations which has sacred domain with majority rule government of multi gatherings and elective specialists. Cambodia has the position of most major worldwide organizations like ASEAN, IMF, WTO, UN and The World Bank (The Heritage Foundation, 2017). Further, nation has stable world of politics which is advantageous for the new business in the nation. It must be noticed that there is high political hazard in the nation. The framework of Cambodia is poor and there is the need of extra speculations. The entrance of power is restricted there and this is the test for larger part of populace. Laws Lawful framework and rules of games In Cambodia, there is the business register law which characterizes the procedure and necessities related with the enrollment or development of business organization. As the piece of commitment to showcase advancement, Ministry of Commerce of Cambodia has permitted outside organizations to connect openly in the business activities. Abroad organizations just need to enlist themselves with the Ministry of Commerce and make good on significant expenses. Next, there is business undertakings law which accommodates the improvement of four kinds of lawful individual for example restricted organization, basic business, private constrained organization and open constrained organization. This law gives autonomous legitimate character to the organization and lawful obligation for the investors. Alongside this, it characterizes the rights and accountabilities of the members of the organization. Next, there is business assertion law in the Cambodian legitimate framework so as to settle business d ebates in the lawful and legal condition. Regardless of powerful laws and enactments, there are issues in the laborers rights. Regardless of all around created work lawmaking body, there is juridical debasement and feeble observing establishments which prompted maltreatment of the privileges of laborers. Because of absence of associations, it is hard for individuals to take enemy their privileges in work environments. Financial matters Financial turn of events Over two many years of solid budgetary turn of events, Cambodia has accomplished the degree of lower center salary starting at 2016 alongside the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita coming to $1,070. Because of Garments fares and Tourism, there is a customary improvement pace of 7.6% in the nation which has positioned 6th on the planet. In Cambodia, it is normal that monetary development of the nation will stay solid throughout the following two years for example 6.8% in 2018 and 6.9% in 2019. Neediness is persistently falling in Cambodia as in 2014; the destitution rate was 13.5% as complexity to 47.8% in 2007. Around 90% of denied individuals live in the nation. Alongside this, Cambodia has the Millennium Development Goals by helping destitution. Around 4.5 million individuals remain close poor, helpless to declining once more into neediness (The World Bank Group, 2017). Wellbeing and training is significant improvement needs for Cambodia. There are 32% or around 0.5 million kids under five who are immature. In the essential training, net enlistment expanded from 82% in 1997 from 97% in 2017. Further, lower auxiliary finishing rate is 43%. Monetary framework The monetary arrangement of Cambodia is an open market framework or market economy and has accomplished brisk financial improvement during a decade ago. In 2015, Cambodia has GDP of $18.05 billion. Further, per capita salary is quickly expanding yet it is low as contrasted and most neighboring nations. At present the focal point of the nation is on setting up benevolent outskirts with neighbor nations for example Vietnam and Thailand. In the open market of the nation, exchange is significant for the economy of Cambodia (Kotler et al, 2012). The normal applied levy rate is 4.9% in the nation. New outside interest in the nation might be checked by the legislature of Cambodia. Privatization in the nation has expanded the effectiveness of banking part. Credit to private part in the nation has expanded. It ought to be noticed that there is the significant level of financial hazard in Cambodia. The quickly developing economy of the nation is commanded by the travel industry, development and agribusiness. Alongside this, The World Bank has ordered Cambodia as the nation of low-center salary nation (Oneill, 2014). Casual Institutions Culture In Cambodia, individuals have conventions and customs so as to accomplish broad and stable relations in the business. Cambodians trusts in having suitable execution which is imperative. The nation has long history of development and culture which is influenced by Indian nation. Cambodians have two strict perspectives for example Hinduism and Buddhism. 95% of Buddhist depends on close to home encounters, sensibility and basic investigation. The social investigation of Cambodia should be possible by Hofstede Cultural Dimension. High Power separation There is the noteworthy hole in the Cambodian culture between unrivaled force and frail. This is related with the separation among rich and poor. Significant level of vulnerability shirking The development of Cambodia is probably going to reduce the peril and ensure the financial protections. There are different composed standards, less hazard taking by administrators, less driven workers and lower work turnover (Hofstede, 2011). Community Individuals in Cambodia are worried for long haul affiliations. They give more worry to family, gatherings and society. Further, they care for one another to show dependability and less singularity. High women's activist or low manliness file Individuals care for one another and greatness of the life for the two people. In the associations, chiefs give greater affirmation to the representatives on the off chance that they carry out their responsibility with high obligation. Alongside this, they permit them more opportunity (Alkailani, Azzam and Athamneh, 2012). Morals Government There is both positive also negative parts of colonialism morals of Cambodia. In the positive viewpoint, Cambodia is ceaselessly prospering with the material business because of its standards and morals. There are numerous Cambodians who despite everything live with farming business. Further, there is additionally acceptable arrangement of the travel industry which improves the economy of nation. Alongside this, there are solid social associations in the Cambodian culture (Tang, 2012). Then again, the economy of the nation is anything but difficult to lose as the huge piece of this is the travel industry. Cambodians are depending on the cultivating occupation for the food and business yet there is the danger of whether conditions. By knowing the foundation data, nation has made a few adversaries that can unleash and affect on the exchanges of the nation (Webley Werner, 2008). Standards In the Cambodian culture, there are a few standards followed by individuals in Cambodia. Some of them are as per the following: Language-Khmer is the official language of Cambodia. This language is utilized in the social setting for example training at all the levels, government organizations and in broad communications. This language is spoken by 7 million individuals which are 90% of all out populace. Ideas There are reasonable thoughts identified with cooperation which assumes imperative jobs in the regular day to day existence of Cambodians. For karma, the idea incorporates with the law of activity and soundly. For the community, individuals in Cambodia offer inclinations to family, society and gatherings instead of person. The thought concentrations about hiding any hint of failure which attempts to avoid losing face of anybody in the exchanges. In this way, in the event that any organization needs to work with Cambodia, at that point it ought to be aware of the activities (Vidal-Suarez Lopez-Duarte, 2013). Welcome When Cambodian welcome, they twist around their head for demonstrating adoration with squeezing the hands commonly. This movement is known as Som Pas. Further, when Cambodians meet with outside people then they essentially adjust the welcome of remote styles by shaking hands. Rather than taking the name of Cambodians, they use Lok instead of Mr. of the men and Lok Srey instead of Ms. or on the other hand Mrs. For ladies before the primary name (Tilley, Fredricks Hornett, 2012). Clothing regulation There is legitimate clothing standard which is significant for Cambodian. Clothing standard speaks to their situation in the general public. So as to do organizations in the nation, individuals additionally center around fitting clothing regulation. In the business procedure in Cambodia, men wear shirt with neckline with long jeans. Then again, ladies wear dresses or pullovers rather short skirts. References Alkailani, M., Azzam, I. what's more, Athamneh, A., (2012), Replicating Hofstede in Jordan: Ungeneralized, Reevaluating the Jordanian Culture, IBR, 5(4). Frynas, J. G., Mellahi, K., (2011), Global Strategic Management, (second), New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Hofstede, G., (2011), Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and

I Went to the ARC for the First Time

I Went to the ARC for the First Time Ive been a student at the University of Illinois for two years now, and in all my time here, I had never taken a trip to the ARC (activities and recreational center). My freshman year, I had a fitness center in my dorm, and the thought of trekking a few blocks in the middle of January just didnt do it for me. My sophomore year, the company I lease with opened a fitness center. I always went there to avoid the crowds. Photo from Rachel Hernandez But recently, Ive turned a new leaf. Today marks the seventh consecutive day that Ive gone to the ARC Im hooked! Whether running the track or relaxing in the sauna, the ARC offers something for everyone: swimming, lifting, cardio, yoga, dance, massages, and meal-prep. Gif from Giphy.com So, heres the deal. If you are a high school senior and health and fitness are important to you, let me say this, loud and clear; the University of Illinois has one of the largest, nicest gyms of any college. With the number of machines available, you will always be able to get your workout done, and the staff is incredibly friendly! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

The Importance of Latin in the Curriculum Essay examples

The Importance of Latin in the Curriculum My memories of Latin in high school are less than fond. I remember slouching in my chair, staring blankly at my desk as I tried to remember the form of the word agricola (farmer) in the ablative plural. Much of the class consisted of mundane activities like this. We translated endless Bible passages from Latin, translated what seemed like the entire body of Greek mythological literature, and read hundreds of lines from The Aneid, The Odyssey, and The Iliad. I signed up for Latin because I was considering going into medicine, and I had heard that doctors need to know Latin. As high school progressed, though, a medical career seemed less and less likely so it appeared I had no real use†¦show more content†¦Until the Reformation, church services were conducted using only Latin. One of the key principles of the Protestant movement was that the entire Christian message, Scripture included, should be made accessible to the common folk in their own tongue (Hammond 243-4). The Catholic Church also began to use the vernacular for its homilies during the Counter-Reformation for similar reasons (Smith 32). The switch from Latin to the common tongues did not occur overnight, though. In fact, the Catholic Church mandated that Mass be spoken only in Latin until the bishops of the second Vatican Council voted to make the switch in 1962 (Waquet 47). For hundreds of years it remained a key part of the education from middle school to college of those students that were fortunate enough to get one. Latin was taught so that students could read ancient religious, philosophical, and dramatic texts in their original language (Smith 27). By reading these texts in their original tongue, students would gain â€Å"the key to the superior wisdom of the Ancient World and to the piety of the Christian Fathers† (Smith 27-8). When these privileged students entered college before the decline of Latin, they entered a deeply Latin world. Upon entering the building, they would see Collegium inscribed above the door, their classrooms would be labeled sexta, quinta, quarta, and the teacher would lec ture in Latin. In fact, students were required to converse only in Latin during freeShow MoreRelatedThe Reign Of The Carolingian Dynasty1429 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Ages. Although there were various Carolingian rulers who aided these advances, it is fair to say that Carolingian developments reached their peak during the reign of Charlemagne, a leader and reformer of the church who fully appreciated the importance of learning and education. Throughout his reign, he established himself, as a ruler, and his empire as an example that subsequent Kings of the Middle Ages would aim to obtain and uphold. In addition, Charlemagne created a cultural legacy that allowedRead MoreEssay On The MA IB Degree864 Words   |  4 Pagesnot all the offered International Business degrees fulfil these expectations, for instance, some prefer to teach the main modules in German. Coming back to the MA.IB, this postgraduate programme is a striking example of a complete international curriculum. That is to say a totally international atmosphere (around 50% of all students own an international degree), as well as the multi-disciplinary and multi-lingual approach. Not to mention the possibility to obtain a double degree in cooperation withRead MoreShakespsear867 Words   |  4 PagesWhen Shakespeare was a kid going to grammar school, a school open to boys only by the way! they learned Latin, Greek and rhetoric, persuasion through logical argument. Students read Latin and Greek writers to learn about the history of ancient Greece and the glory that was Rome† and this material was translated by them into English or French after many hours of work. Im glad the school curriculum of the 21 st century has evolved and we no longer spend our days doing boring stuff like that! Their old-fashionedRead MoreThe Impact Of Medieval Europe On Education1286 Words   |  6 Pagespossibilities, and a lot of freedom for the student to pick. The importance of education is found in many cultures, but where did it all begin? Medieval Europe started many ideals about education that would have a powerful effect on many different forms of education around the world. Medieval Europe birthed the very first institutions in which students could collectively learn the same information. 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Locke’s views on education were forward-looking compared to the classical ways of education. He emphasized the importance of teaching practical knowledge. He recognized that children learn best when they are engaged with the subject matter. Locke also foreshadowed some contemporary pedagogical views by suggesting that children should be allowed some self-directionRead MoreStructural Diversity Within A Community859 Words   |  4 Pagesethnic communities the implementation of structural diversity has influenced each community in a different way. The influence of structural diversity serves different purposes for European Americans as it does to African Americans, Asian Americans or Latin Americans. In Bowman’s (2012) study of structural diversity in college, results concluded that structural diversity, in an equally diverse institution, positively influenced the European American group of stude nts at that particular college. ThisRead MoreJustification of a Scheme of Work Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesyears. It is merely a breakdown of the whole programme into smaller chunks based on your frequency of your meetings with learners. (Wilson Practical Teaching 2008 p68) The selection and sequencing of topics reflect on the 6218 curriculum set by the awarding body, the curriculum is a Basic Construction Skills course built around various practical tasks for which there are unit credits attached to obtain the qualification. I first begin with easier tasks leading up to more advanced tasks as the courseRead MoreCurriculum Development1575 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum Development The term curriculum originates from the Latin meaning â€Å"race course†. The term has been expanded and today is more widely used in education to mean a plan for a sustained process of teaching and learning (Pratt, 1997, p. 5). There are numerous formats for curriculum models. They can be deductive, meaning â€Å"they proceed from the general (examining the needs of society, for example) to the specific (specifying instructional objectives, for example)†, or inductiveRead MoreEssay on Comparative Education Project1269 Words   |  6 PagesMalmesbury, Lichfield, Hereford and Worcester. ï‚ § 776  Alcuin established school at York. ï‚ § 1016  Canute became king of England: concerned about the education of poor boys. ï‚ § 1066  Norman invasion: French replaced English as vernacular medium for teaching Latin. ï‚ § 1096  Oxford: evidence of teaching. ï‚ § 1209  Cambridge: scholars arrived from Oxford. ï‚ § 1249  Oxford: University College established, followed by Balliol 1260, Merton 1264. History 1300-1800 ï‚ §    ï‚ § 1384  Grammar school opened at Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire:

Essay about Womens Rights Movement - 833 Words

Tuesday, November 2, 1920, the day women voted for the first time. The New York Times called it, â€Å"The greatest voting day in the city’s history.† It was a wonderful day for women all across the country. All of their hard work had finally paid off. The Women’s Rights Movement changed the way women were seen. Before the passage of the 19th Amendment, women in many states were not given the right to vote. The Women’s Rights movement was caused by many factors, greatly impacted the society of the early 1900s and changed American society forever. Women were traditionally seen as the weaker sex – second-class citizens with a lower social status than men. A woman’s place was in the home. Men did the â€Å"heavier† labor, like plowing and hunting.†¦show more content†¦She modeled her Declaration of Sentiments after the Declaration of Independence. The first line of the Declaration of Sentiments and the Declaration of Independence only differed in two words, â€Å"and women†. At the convention, the women signed their names on the document. As one of the youngest signers to the Declaration of Sentiments, Charlotte Woodward became the only signer to see her dream come alive at the ballot box. To discourage the women from taking any further actions, newspapers across the country published and ridiculed the Declaration and its signers. Embarrassed by the bad publicity, several women decided to withdraw their name. However, most women were still willing to fight for their cause. The tea party on t hat hot summer afternoon started an ongoing fight for women’s equality. â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex† (U.S. Constitution). These are the words that women across the country were fighting to hear. Congress passed the 19th Amendment on June 4th, 1919 and sent it to the states. Seventy- five percent of the states needed to ratify the Amendment for it to be official. Before her son, Congressman Harry Burn from Tennessee, made the crucial vote on Women’s Suffrage, Mrs. J. L. Burn wrote him a letter. She told him, â€Å"Hurrah! And vote for suffrage and don’t keep them in doubt†¦ Don’t forget to be aShow MoreRelatedWomens Rights Movement1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the  suffrage  movement.   The first recorded instance in American history where a woman demanded the right to vote was in 1647. MargaretRead MoreWomens Rights Movements1199 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes have hope struggling to carry the world. Women are continuously dehumanized because they are not treated as equals in the work place, the media, and school however the women’s rights movement has given women the right of freedom of speech and right to vote I. Need for the movement Although, when the Women’s Rights movement started women were happy but it has then and even now moved quite slowly making women lose their hope. Women have transitioned into the state of mind of being the â€Å"housewife†Read MoreWomens Rights Movements951 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment went through great length to prevent specific groups from having the right and ability to vote. One group in particular that were deprive voting rights in the past was women. The idea that women wanted to be not above a man, but equal was unfathomable to most men and women. In the past, women were seen as unintelligent servants to their husbands and children. They were deprived many rights especially the right to vote in public state or national elections. This did not change until theRead MoreEssay on The Womens Rights Movement1346 Words   |  6 PagesThe Womens Rights Movement was a significant crusade for women that began in the late nineteenth century and flourished throughout Europe and the United States for the rest of the twentieth century. Advocates for womens rights initiated this movement as they yearned for equality and equal participation and representation in society. Throughout all of history, the jobs of women ranged from housewives to factory workers, yet oppression by society, particularly men, accompanied them in their everydayRead MoreEssay on The Womens Rights Movement1962 Words   |  8 PagesThe Womens Rights Movement History looks different when the contributions of women are included. -the National Womens History Project Throughout history, society has impacted the lifestyle of the individual. Change in society has a particular impact on the individual. During the Vietnam era, change in society was drastic. 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English Exam Free Essays

I personally think â€Å"Culture Smarts Norway a Quick Gulled to Customs Etiquette† has managed to capture the Norwegian lifestyle well. The tips are angled in a way for the reader to better understand Norwegian way of thinking and acting. Basic information about the Norwegian people and what values we got, that may be very different from other cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on English Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being aware of other cultures values is an important and clever thing to do when traveling abroad. It strengthens your chances of good communication and prevents you from being misunderstood as easily. The only negative thing to say about the text is that It has put a lot of weight on Just explaining why we are so reserved, to help prevent foreigners from misunderstanding us. Of course this is important information, but there could be given more advice on how to otter the communication with us, rather than it mostly being excuses for our rather strange behavior. But don’t get me wrong, if I was to write a guide like this, I would most definitely mention the same things, but with some enhancements In the communication part. Appease 3. C) Do we really want to know? Weeklies; the weapon that â€Å"leaks out† confidential Information Into the public domain, Information the government Intended to keep secret, and backing the Information with trustworthy sources, as well as making sure the Individual providing the highly classified material remains anonymous. Weeklies has been a hot topic in the media the last couple of years. It’s not the information being given that is the main focus, but the fact that the Information is being given. Whether it Is good for the public to know, or if much of the information should be held kept, as intended. I personally appreciate such information. We all know terrible things happens in war, out rapports Ana Tall Dotage snowing emulates Ana Inhuman actions In war, causing death of civilians is something I feel is right for the public to see. To help prevent the government from believing they are untouchable. To help prevent military actions aging lives’ of the innocent, without consequences. For each individual, and their rights to know what is going on in the world, this information is best to be official for the public. But is this what’s best in the bigger picture? Is much of this information held secret, not only to hide information that is not accepted by the public, but to benefit world peace? Will the leaked information cause bigger consequences for cooperation between countries? Is the reduced trust in our government benefiting us, or is it better not to know? Maybe some of the information from Weeklies is better of being unknown to the public, in order to maintain world order. How to cite English Exam, Papers English Exam Free Essays

The Love Canal Tragedy and Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation

Introduction The Love Canal is named after William T. Love, the man who envisioned the idea of creating an 11-km canal between the two sections of the Niagara River to produce electricity for powering his planned city in the 1890s. However, his plan failed and the pit filled with water over the years.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Love Canal Tragedy and Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 1940, Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation purchased the land for use in disposing chemicals. Nearly a decade later, the company had disposed more than 22,000 tons of toxic wastes, and the Love Canal was almost full. The land was later used to build schools and residential homes, and soon, residents started reporting strange odors and the presence of heavy metals. In 1976, heavy rains caused a large amount of chemicals to move to the surface, contaminating the whole area. In the years that followed, the area reported abnormally high rates of stillbirths and miscarriages, and a similar number of babies born with defects. Eventually in 1978, more than 1,000 families were evacuated from the area, and an EPA study found out that of the 36 people tested, 11 had deformed chromosomes, and that of 15 babies born in the area between 1970 and 1980, just 2 were well. In the early morning of August 19, 2006, residents of Abidjan city of Ivory Coast observed trucks with freshly painted logo dumping liquid wastes at various locations within the city, this went on for more than three weeks. A few weeks later, several residents began reporting a fowl smell, and tens of people were said to have died. After several investigations by foreign journalists and the Ivorian government agencies, it was discovered that a Dutch company, Trafigura, had contracted a ship to dispose chemical wastes from its plants in Ivory Coast. The wastes consisted of over 500 tons of a mixture of fu el, caustic soda (Sodium hydroxide), hydrogen sulfide and phenols that Trafigura had failed to dispose in the Netherlands due to high costs. The waste had come from the process of stripping coker gasoline to obtain naphtha. The company had then contracted a ship, Probo Koala, to deliver the wastes in Abidjan, and collaborated with a local company to dispose the wastes throughout Abidjan. The disposal is estimated to have caused the deaths of more than 17 people while close to 40,000 suffered various illnesses after inhaling the harmful gases released by the wastes. Parties Involved Hooker Chemical factory was solely responsible for the Love Canal Tragedy, however, the government was also responsible for failing to carry out conclusive studies on the long-term effects of the wastes on the area as had been done by Dr. Robert Mobbs. Dr. Mobbs had investigated the relation between insecticides and cancer and made his reports public, but the government failed to take it up. Eventually, m illions or dollars were used to clean up the area, with Hooker Company contributing almost $130 million and the rest by the government.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the Ivorian case, Trafigura was at fault, however, the Dutch government through the port of Amsterdam was also at fault for allowing Trafigura to move the waste back into the Probo Koala after realizing that the disposal fee was too high. Eventually, the Ivorian government and Trafigura paid for the victims’ hospital bills, the clean up exercise and other related expenses. The ‘Superfund’ was created in 1980 to collect funds from gas and chemical companies for use in clean-up processes identical to the Love Canal. A second legislation, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was passed in 1976 in the US to monitor the disposal of solid wastes and toxic wastes. Superfund is i mplemented under the EPA and has been successful in cases such as the Kaiser Aluminum Chemical Corporation v. Catellus Development Corporation and Kaiser Ganton Technologies v. Quadion Corporation in California (1992) and Illinois (1993) respectively (Zoltowski, 1998). The RCRA has monitored waste disposal in areas such as in the Clean Harbors Environmental Services, Inc. incinerator near Kimball, Nebraska. The Basel Convention failed in Ivory Coast since Trafigura failed to disclose the contents of what it was carrying to port officials, besides, it worked in secrecy with an Ivorian company, Compagnie Tommy, to dispose the wastes in Abidjan without anyone’s knowledge. Corruption must have played a role too. The desire to build more schools and residential areas instigated the Love Canal tragedy. Later, Lois Gibbs, a woman whose family had been affected by the harmful wastes mobilized the Love Canal community and led a campaign to draw the government’s attention to th e matter. This led to the closure of the school. Further studies by the EPA and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry put pressure on the government and Hooker Corporation to act appropriately. Finally, people were moved out of the area and the company and the government worked together in the clean-up exercise and compensation. The Ivorian scenario also had its own set of pressures, mainly from media companies, but beginning with the company’s desire to make huge profits. Trafigura’s actions were exposed by a host of journalists, among them David Leigh (The Guardian), Meirion Jones and Liz Mackean (BBC Newsnight). The Ivorian public also protested, amidst mass resignations of top government officials. Further pressure came from the Dutch Parliament and the High Court in London, which filed a  £ 100 million lawsuit, eventually, after much denial, Trafigura paid a  £ 100 million for clean up and a further  £ 46 million to people who were affected. Trafigura vehemently denied ever depositing toxic substances, instead insisting that the waste was from the regular washing of the ship’s tank and could not cause human deaths in any way. The company only agreed to pay for the clean up and compensation due to pressure from media stations, the Dutch Parliament, and the arrest of its executives in Ivory Coast. Occidental also denied any involvement in the disaster, but eventually paid the settlement and clean-up fees. Hooker Corporation did not know the long-term effects of their actions while Trafigura knew the effects of their waste and engaged in unethical practices. I would choose to invest my money in Hooker Corporation. Environmental Justice is â€Å"the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, sex, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies† (Miller Tyler, 2003). Trafigura f louted this concept since they opted to dispose their wastes without involving all people of Ivory Coast. Source reduction refers to any alteration in the planning, manufacture, acquisition, or use of objects or products to lower their levels of toxicity before they become municipal waste. Companies can reduce the toxic nature of their wastes by adding certain chemicals to the wastes to react with the toxic elements, or to pass the wastes through chemical processes that lower their toxicity, e.g. heating under very high temperatures to break down harmful compounds. Some companies have adopted industrial processes that produce very little toxic wastes while some recycle their wastes. References Miller, Jr., and Tyler, G. (2003). Environmental Science: Working With the Earth (9th Ed.). California: Brooks/ Cole. Zoltowski, C. (1998). Superfund Liability: Is it too strict? VA: National Society of Professional Engineers. This essay on The Love Canal Tragedy and Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation was written and submitted by user Kaylyn Martin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.